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description the a6210 is a buck regulator that uses valley current-mode control. this control scheme allows very short switch on-times to be achieved, making it ideal for applications that require high switching frequencies combined with high input voltages and low output led span voltages. low system cost is accomplished through high switching frequencies of up to 2.0 mhz, allowing smaller and lower value inductors and capacitors. in addition, few external components are required through high levels of integration. optimal drive circuits minimize switching losses. the switching frequency is maintained constant, as the on-time is modulated by the input voltage. this feed-forward control ensures excellent line correction. the on-time is set by an external resistor pulled-up to the input supply. internal housekeeping and bootstrap supplies are provided which require the addition of only one small ceramic capacitor. a top-off charge pump ensures correct operation at light loads. internal diagnostics provide comprehensive protection against input undervoltages and overtemperatures. the device package is a 16-contact, 4 mm 4 mm, 0.75 mm nominal overall height qfn, with exposed pad for enhanced thermal dissipation. it is lead (pb) free, with 100% matte tin leadframe plating. 6210-ds, rev. 2 features and benefits ? user-configurable on-time, achieving switching frequencies up to 2.0 mhz ? brightness control through pwm of dis pin ? minimal external components required ? no output capacitor required ? wide input voltage range: 9 to 46 v ? low 0.18 v sense voltage for higher efficiency ? output current: up to 3.0 a ? low standby current <100 a ? thermal shutdown ? supplied in a thermally-enhanced 4 mm qfn package 3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver applications: typical application a6210 gnd nc l d1 led1 led2 led3 1 68 h lx vin isen sgnd a 6210 ton 22 nf r1 150 k c1 1.0 f 390 m dis pwm or switch r2 c2 boot v in 24 v led span voltage = 10.5 v average led current = 500 ma peak to peak current = 60 ma switching frequency = 1.4 mhz efficiency = 90.5% package 16-contact qfn (suffix eu): ? high brightness leds ? led driver modules, power supplies and lamps, such as mr16 and mr11 4 mm 4 mm 0.75 mm suggested parts name description manufacturer - part number c1 1 f, 25v, x5r or x7r ceramic, 1210 taiyo yuden, tdk c2 22 nf, 50v, x5r or x7r ceramic, 0805 d1 1 a, 30 v, schottky diode l1 68 h, 1 a inductor taiyo yuden - nr 6045t 680m r1 180 k , 1%, 0805 r2 390 m , 1%, 0805
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 2 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com absolute maximum ratings ( reference to gnd) characteristic symbol notes rating units vin pin supply voltage v in ?0.3 to 50 v lx pin switching node voltage v lx ?1 to 50 v isen pin current sense voltage v isen ?1.0 to 0.5 v dis pin disable voltage v dis ?0.3 to 7 v ton pin on-time voltage v ton ?0.3 to 50 v operating ambient temperature t a range g ?40 to 105 oc maximum junction temperature t j (max) 150 oc storage temperature t stg ?55 to 150 oc selection guide part number packing package a6210geutr-t 1500 pieces per reel 16-contact 4 mm 4 mm qfn with exposed thermal pad thermal characteristics may require derating at maximum conditions, see application information characteristic symbol test conditions* value units package thermal resistance, junction to ambient r ja on 4-layer pcb based on jedec standard 36 oc/w package thermal resistance, junction to pad r jp on 4-layer pcb based on jedec standard 2 oc/w *additional thermal information available on the allegro website. recommended operating conditions characteristic symbol conditions min. typ. max. units supply voltage v in 9 ? 46 v switching node v lx ?0.7 ? 46 v switching frequency range f sw continuous conduction mode 0.1 ? 2.0 mhz operating ambient temperature t a ?40 ? 105 oc junction temperature t j ?40 ? 125 oc
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 3 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com reg ref + ? control logic on timer regulator comparator off timer driver linear regulator fault vin uvlo tsd linear ok vin dis gnd ton boot lx isen v in 24 v v in sleep circuit sgnd switch closed = on nc c1 1.0 f c2 l1 68 h d1 r2 390 m blank top-off charge pump 22 nf r1 180 k switching frequency = 1.4 mhz all capacitors are x5r or x7r ceramic resistor r2 should be surface mount, low inductance type, rated at 250 mw at 70c led1 led2 led3 functional block diagram pin-out diagram terminal list table number name function 1 vin input supply 2, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16 nc no connection; tie to gnd 3 ton terminal for on-time setting with external resistor 4, 5, 6 gnd ground terminal 8 isen current sense input 9 sgnd current sense ground reference 10 dis disable/enable logic input; active high 11 boot bootstrap supply node 12 lx switch node ?pad exposed thermal pad; connect to ground plane (gnd) by through-hole vias 12 11 10 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 15 14 13 nc nc nc nc gnd gnd nc isen lx boot dis sgnd pad vin nc ton gnd (top view)
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 4 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com electrical characteristics * valid at t j = 25c, v in = 9 to 46 v, unless otherwise noted characteristic symbol conditions min. typ. max. units general v in quiescent current i vinoff dis = high, vin = 46 v ? ? 100 a current sense voltage v sense 176 183 190 mv on-time tolerance ? t on based on selected value ?15 ? 15 % minimum on-time period t on(min) ? 50 60 ns minimum off-time period t off(min) ? ? 350 ns start-up time t start using application circuit on page 1; time from application of d i s (enable) to reaching target current ?15? s buck switch on-resistance r ds(on) t j = 25c, i load = 3 a ? 350 ? m t j = 125c, i load = 3 a ? 550 ? m input dis input voltage threshold v dis device enabled ? ? 1 v dis open-circuit voltage v disoc device disabled 2 ? 7 v dis input current i in dis = 0 v ?10 ? ?1 a protection vin undervoltage shutdown threshold v inuv voltage rising 6.3 ? 7.5 v vin undervoltage shutdown hysteresis v inuv(hys) 0.7 ? 1.1 v overtemperature shutdown threshold t jtsd temperature rising ? 165 ? c overtemperature shutdown hysteresis t jtsd(hys) recovery = t jtsd ? t jtsd(hys) ? 15 ? c * specifications over the junction temperature range of ?40c to 125c are assured by design and characterization.
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 5 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com basic operation the a6210 is a buck regulator that utilizes valley current mode control. the on-time is set by the amount of current that flows into the ton pin. this is determined by the value of the ton resistor chosen (r1 in the functional block diagram) and the magnitude of the input voltage, v in . under a specific set of conditions, an on-time can be set that then dictates the switching frequency. this switching frequency remains reasonably con- stant throughout load and line conditions as the on-time varies inversely with the input voltage. at the beginning of the switching cycle, the buck switch is turned on for a fixed period that is determined by the current flowing into ton. once the current comparator trips, a one-shot mono- stable, the on timer, is reset, turning off the switch. the current through the inductor then decays. this current is sensed through the external sense resistor (r2), and then compared against the current-demand signal. after the current through the sense resis- tor decreases to the valley of the current-demand signal, the on timer is set to turn the buck switch back on again and the cycle is repeated. disable/enable the regulator is enabled by pulling the dis pin low. to disable the regulator, the dis pin can simply be discon- nected (open circuit). shutdown the regulator is disabled in the event of either an overtemperature event, or an undervoltage on vin (v inuv ) or on an internal housekeeping supply. as soon as any of the above faults have been removed and assuming dis = 0, the output is restored. switch on time and switching frequency the switch on-time effectively determines the operating frequency of the converter. to minimize the size of the power inductor and input filtering it is recommended to run with as high a frequency as possible. the mosfet drivers are optimized to minimize switching losses. an important consideration in selecting the switching frequency is to ensure that the on time (60 ns) and off time (350 ns) limita- tions are not reached under extreme conditions: ? the minimum on time occurs at maximum input voltage ? the minimum off time occurs at minimum input voltage the following table takes into account the above maximum off time figure and outlines the typical switching frequencies that can be achieved for a given number of leds and input voltage. note that it is highly recommended that worst case values are used when considering any design. switching frequency (mhz) input voltage 12 v 24 v 36 v quantity of leds led span voltage (v) quantity of leds led span voltage (v) quantity of leds led span voltage (v) 2.0 1 3.5 2 7.0 3 10.5 1.7 1 3.5 3 10.5 4 14.0 1.0 2 7.0 4 14.0 6 21.0 0.300 3 10.5 6 21.0 9 31.5 the switch on time is programmed by the current flowing into the ton pin. the current is determined by the input voltage, v in , and the resistor, r1. the on time, t on , can be found: t on = . v in 2.05 10 10 10 10 ?9 r 1 + (1) to calculate the actual switching frequency, f sw , the t on from the above calculation can be used in conjunction with the transfer function of the converter, as follows: f sw = . v out + v f v in + v f 1 t on (2) a simplified approach to selecting the t on resistor (r1), to accomplish an approximate switching frequency, can be found from the following formula: r 1 f sw = . v in 2.05 10 10 (3) figure 1 illustrates a range of switching frequencies that can be achieved with a given resistor and led voltage. each led is assumed to have a voltage drop of 3.5 v. high brightness led driving the a6210 can be configured as a very simple, low cost, high brightness led driver. the solution can drive high brightness leds up to more than 3 a, while achieving very high efficien- cies, in excess of 90%. the solution uses valley current mode control. this architecture is optimized for high switching frequencies, allowing the use functional description
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 6 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com of physically small, low value inductors. an output capacitor is not necessary either to reduce the ripple current or to close the control loop. high efficiencies are achieved via drive circuits optimized to minimize switching losses and the current sense voltage has a typical voltage drop of only 183 mv. the current in the led string can be pulse width modulated (pwm) via the dis (dis- able/enable) pin. see figure 4. the actual current control is maintained on the valley of the cur- rent ripple. the average led current is the valley level plus half the inductor ripple current, as shown in figure 2. to avoid potential mistriggering issues, it is recommended that the ripple current that flows through the sense resistor (r2) does not develop a ripple voltage of less than 20 mv. the average led current can be found from: i av i valley + =, 2 i ripple (4) substituting values: i av t on = , r2 183 mv ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? l v in ? v led 1 2 + (5) where: t on = . v in + v f v led + v f 1 f sw (6) note: v f is the forward voltage drop of the recirculation diode and sense resistor (r2). the valley current is determined by the sense voltage (183 mv) divided by the sense resistor. worked example this example uses the brief specification outlined in the typical application circuit on page 1. the following information is used as a starting point: v in = 24 v , 3 leds producing v led = 12 v , i led = 500 ma, and led ripple current, i ripple = 60 ma . the duty cycle can be found initially. assume the forward voltage drop of the re-circulation diode is 400 mv, and that the sense resistor is 183 mv. then: d 0.39 = . v in + v f v led + v f == 12 + 0.58 24 + 0.58 (7) one of the objectives is to maximize the switching frequency to minimize the inductor value. when driving at very high switching frequencies, the duty cycle may be limited due to the minimum average led current t on + t off = 1/ f sw 1 / 2 i ripple current time valley current 0 t on t off figure 2. current control figure 1. switching frequency versus value of external resistor r1 on the ton pin. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 10 4 10 5 10 6 resistor, r1 f sw (khz) (k ) 1 led 2 leds 3 leds 4 leds 5 leds
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 7 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com off-time of 350 ns. a minimum off-time is required to ensure the bootstrap supply operates correctly. it can be shown that: f sw = , t off (min) 1 ? d (8) where t off is 350 ns maximum. therefore: f sw == . 350 10 ?9 1.4 mhz 1 ? 0.51 the t on resistor (r1) value can be found: r 1 = v led 2.051 10 10 f sw == 12 2.051 10 10 1.4 10 6 176 10 3 . (9) choose r1 = 180 k . the inductor (l1) can now be found using the target led ripple current of 60 ma: l 1 = ( v in ? v led ) d i ripple f sw = = (24 ? 12) 0.51 60 10 ?3 1.4 10 6 72 10 ?6 . (10) choose l1 = 68 h. the inductor current rating should exceed the average current plus half of the ripple current. in addition, it is recommended that a margin of at least 20% be allowed. in this example, the inductor current rating, i l , should be: i l 1.2 (500 10 ?3 + 60 10 ?3 / 2) = 636 ma . the valley control current is simply the average led current minus half the ripple current. therefore: i valley = i ripple = = 2 2 . 60 10 ?3 500 10 ?3 ? 470 ma i av ? (11) the sense resistor (r3) value can be found: r 3 = v sense i valley == 183 10 ?3 470 10 ?3 0.36 . (12) choose r3 = 390 m . the ripple voltage developed across the sense resistor (r2) is 60 ma 390 m = 23 mv, which is greater than the minimum required value of 20 mv. measured switching waveforms from figure 3, it can be seen that the average current through the led string is 484 ma. this represents an error of 3.2% with respect to the target current of 500 ma.
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 8 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com average led current 494 ma figure 4. pwm on dis pin at 400 hz: (a) narrow duty cycle, (b) wide duty cycle. symbol parameter units/division ch1 v lx 5 v ch2 i led 100 ma t time 1 ms t v lx i led t v lx i led (a) (b) average led current 494 ma figure 3. switching voltage versus current through l1 and led string symbol parameter units/division ch1 v lx 5 v ch2 i led 100 ma t time 200 ns t v lx ch1 ch2 i led led ripple current average led current 484 ma ch1 ch2 ch1 ch2
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 9 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com ton dis pwm or switch gnd nc l d1 1 47 h lx vin isen sgnd a 6210 22 nf r1 910 k c1 1.0 f 150 m r2 c2 boot v in 42 v r3 910 k led assembly average led current = 1.34 a peak to peak current = 200 ma led assembly voltage = 24 v switching frequency = 1.0 mhz efficiency = 90.5% other application circuits application circuit 1 suggested parts name description manufacturer - part number c1 1 f, 25v, x5r or x7r ceramic, 1210 taiyo yuden, tdk c2 22 nf, 50v, x5r or x7r ceramic, 0805 d1 3 a, 60 v, schottky diode l1 47 h, 1.4 a inductor taiyo yuden - nr 8040t 470m r1, r3 910 k , 1%, 0603 r2 150 m , 1%, 1206 plot 1. average current = 1.34 a plot 2. peak to peak current = 200 ma plot 3. pwm frequency = 10 khz, maximum duty cycle plot 4. pwm frequency = 10 khz, minimum duty cycle plot 5. plot 4 with expanded time scale plot 6. pwm frequency = 10 khz, turn off channel 1 ? current through inductor and led assembly, channel 2 ? main switching voltage (lx node)
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 10 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com led assembly gnd nc l d1 1 22 h lx vin isen sgnd a 6210 ton 22 nf r1 310 k c1 1.0 f 150 m dis pwm or switch r2 180 m r4 c2 boot v in 24 v average led current = 2.4 a peak to peak current = 260 ma led assembly voltage = 15 v switching frequency = 1.0 mhz efficiency = 94% application circuit 2 suggested parts name description manufacturer - part number c1 1 f, 25v, x5r or x7r ceramic, 1210 taiyo yuden, tdk c2 22 nf, 50v, x5r or x7r ceramic, 0805 d1 3 a, 60 v, schottky diode l1 22 h, 2.8 a inductor coilcraft - mss1048-223ml r1 310 k , 1%, 0603 r2 150 m , 1%, 0805 r4 180 m , 1%, 0805 channel 1 ? current through inductor and led assembly, channel 2 ? main switching voltage (lx node) plot 1. average current = 2.4 a plot 2. peak to peak current = 260 ma plot 3. pwm frequency = 10 khz, maximum duty cycle plot 4. pwm frequency = 10 khz, minimum duty cycle plot 5. plot 4 with expanded time scale plot 6. pwm frequency = 10 khz, turn off
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 11 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com package eu, 16-contact qfn 0.95 c seating plane c 0.08 17x 16 16 2 1 1 2 16 2 1 a a terminal #1 mark area coplanarity includes exposed thermal pad and terminals b exposed thermal pad (reference only, terminal #1 identifier appearance at supplier discretion) for reference only (reference jedec mo-220wggc) dimensions in millimeters exact case and lead configuration at supplier discretion within limits shown c d d c reference land pattern layout (reference ipc7351 qfn65p400x400x80-17w2m) all pads a minimum of 0.20 mm from all adjacent pads; adjust as necessary to meet application process requirements and pcb layout tolerances; when mounting on a multilayer pcb, thermal vias at the exposed thermal pad land can improve thermal dissipation (reference eia/jedec standard jesd51-5) 4.10 0.35 0.65 4.10 0.65 0.75 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.40 0.10 2.70 2.70 4.00 0.15 4.00 0.15 2.70 2.70 b pcb layout reference view
3 a, 2 mhz buck-regulating led driver a6210 12 allegro microsystems, inc. 115 northeast cutoff worcester, massachusetts 01615-0036 u.s.a. 1.508.853.5000; www.allegromicro.com for the latest version of this document, visit our website: www.allegromicro.com copyright ?2008-2011, allegro microsystems, inc. allegro microsystems, inc. reserves the right to make, from time to time, such de par tures from the detail spec i fi ca tions as may be required to per- mit improvements in the per for mance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that the information being relied upon is current. allegro?s products are not to be used in life support devices or systems, if a failure of an allegro product can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. the in for ma tion in clud ed herein is believed to be ac cu rate and reliable. how ev er, allegro microsystems, inc. assumes no re spon si bil i ty for its use; nor for any in fringe ment of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. revision history revision revision date description of revision rev. 2 may 2, 2011 minor edit

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